Spektrum Iran

Abstrakt This study examines the relationship between data bias, algorithmic ethics, and the social consequences of digital hermeneutics. As artificial intelligence increasingly influences interpretive domains—particularly religious and philosophical texts—the question of data neutrality and algorithmic objectivity has become a fundamental concern. Using an analytical-explanatory approach, the study demonstrate that training data, contrary to common assumptions, are not neutral. Instead, they embody cultural values and presuppositions that are reproduced within algorithmic processes. This reproduction can result in semantic simplification, the reduction of interpretive diversity, and even the distortion of sacred texts. Drawing on a hermeneutical perspective, the article emphasizes the need to distinguish between “human pre-understanding” and “machine data,” showing that the absence of awareness, critical reflexivity, and lived experience in algorithms prevents the attainment of authentic understanding. Moreover, the study indicates that the social implications of this condition extend beyond textual interpretation, posing risks to privacy, intensifying social inequalities, and undermining cultural diversity. Ultimately, the article argues that digital hermeneutics can be constructive only when the technical capacities of artificial intelligence are accompanied by ethical principles, religious oversight, and the preservation of interpretive traditions.

Abstrakt The concept of unity (the state of being one) or multiplicity (the quality of being numerous) of existence was one of the most significant philosophical concerns among Western and Islamic thinkers in the 17th century. This research, with the method of library research and referring to Islamic and Western philosophical works, seeks to find the points of commonality and difference between them, specifically Spinoza, the Dutch philosopher, and Mulla Sadra, the Muslim sage, about the unity of existence. Both thinkers considered the external multiplicity unreal and searched for a single truth behind the apparent multiplicity. However, they differ in expressing this unity. The most important difference between these two is in the identification and non-identification of the ultimate reality of the world. According to Spinoza, there is only one essence in existence, and the multitudes that appear in the world's objects do not have an independent truth, but we do not find any reference to the intelligence, reason and uniqueness of this essence, while a significant part of Sadra's philosophy is dedicated to the description of the perfection of the ultimate reality. These two sages have other points of difference and commonality in the subject of the unity of existence, which is mentioned in this article.