Spektrum Iran

Abstract The use of distance learning is several hundred years old. The use of this method started with the most basic means of correspondence and gradually expanded with the use of audio and visual means. Along with the online technical revolution in the world in the 21st century, a paradigm shift was created in the way of education. Online education and the use of technological tools in the field of education gradually spread. But the sudden outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic made schools all over the world face the challenge of not being able to hold face-to-face classes. Therefore, since 2020, the process of using online education and progress in the education technology market has gained a very high speed. The rapid and widespread development of online education, especially in developing countries, faced
many challenges, which included things such as the creation and development of infrastructure, culture and teaching actors in the field of education on how to use new technologies. But dealing with the mentioned challenges and the rapid development of online education tools is not the only thing that occupied the educational institutions of the world. Since the application of technology in the field of education, many thinkers have criticized the limitations of this type of education. These philosophical criticisms have many roots that include the principles of education and training based on Socratic dialogue, pragmatist philosophers' practice and empiricism, existentialist thinkers' spontaneity, and Heidegger's
phenomenological view of technology. In this article, while expressing the infrastructural and philosophical challenges of the development of educational technology in Iran, we have discussed the role of knowledgebased companies in dealing with these challenges, and as a case study, we have examined the performance of a knowledge-based company in the form of a startup called “Hamdars” for criticism and adjustment of philosophical challenges of online education.

Abstract In this paper, I attempt to reread and interpret some aspects of the ontological doctrine of Iranian philosopher Mullā Ṣadrā according to the radical critique of the whole history of metaphysics and ontology, which the German philosopher Martin Heidegger declares emphatically in his destruction of the history of metaphysics. Heidegger concentrates his criticism under the title Ontotheology and thereby indicates the lack of an explicit understanding of the problem of ontological difference, which shows itself in the reduction of the Being of beings to an absolute and first being as an absolute intellect. I try to explain how the ontological doctrine of Mullā Ṣadrā, i.e. the “Priority of the Being” could be confronted with this criticism, and which potential answers could his philosophy have according to the basic ontological challenge that the concept of the Being – and consequently the ontological concepts in general – cannot be reduced ontotheologically to a causal relation to the first and highest being or to a reflection and an abstraction of the human subject. To disclose these potential answers, I discuss two specific aspects of Mullā Ṣadrā’s ontology. First his attempt to overcome the scholastic distinction between essence and existence and secondly his different ontological understanding of the specific and unique universality of the Being.