Spektrum Iran

Abstract Abstract
The first part of this paper focuses on the general significance of the symbols representing the truth, which are above thought and perception. The second part describes four attitudes of the heart, according to Tirmidhi's treatise, Bayan al-farq bayn aş-şadr wa l-qalb wa l-fu'ad wa l-lubb. In the last and the main part of the paper, Ibn 'Arabī's doctrine of the mystical-metaphysical cognition and his teaching of "the eye of the heart", based on his Fuşuş al-hikam are explained.

Abstract This paper is concerned with the transfer of science and technology from
Austria to Iran. The method adopted in this study is library research through
document analysis. The results show that the transfer of science and
technology was accomplished directly through the establishment of D r al-
Fon n college (polytechnics) in Tehran, and indirectly in the form of services
provided by foreign teachers, military advisers, translators, doctors, the visits
made by Qajar kings to European countries, construction of roads, bridges,
railways, postal services, mint office, security force, as well as the import of
military equipment from Austria and copying them in Iran. The major
implication of the present study is to show the impact of the transfer of
science and technology from Austria to Iran and its role in the related fields.

Abstract In 1962, a booklet published in Iran, which included many of the thoughts that later Edward Said formulated in his Orientalism. The booklet was Jalal Āl-e Ahmad’s Gharbzadegī. Similarly, such thinking about the West continued in Ali Shariati’s Ommat wa Emāmat. These two books, in addition to the Tanbīh al-umma wa tanzīh al-milla (Awakening of Communion and Purification of the Nation) by Mirzā Moḥammad Ḥossein Nāʼīnī and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeyni’s Ḥokūmat-e eslāmī (The Islamic Government) are likely to be the most influential books in Iran in the twentieth century. This paper deals with the analysis of the mentioned books and today's reception of Ali Shariati and Āl-e Ahmad’s works in Iran. 

Abstract Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy toward Iran has turned from a pattern of conservative and interactive behavior before Iran’s Islamic Revolution to a competitive and contradictory approach after the revolution. This policy, with the advent of international and regional events and changes, has taken a substantial departure from a prudent pragmatism to unprecedented aggression. The present paper systematically examines the reasons for Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, specifically from 2001 to 2017. This study indicates how the above-mentioned events and changes have affected the Saudi Arabian elites and political leaders’ views on the position of Iran in the regional equilibrium. It seems that the authorities of Saudi Arabia consider the balance to be changed in favor of Iran. Therefore, their foreign policy has led to a more aggressive approach, with the aim of weakening Iran's role and influence. Accordingly, this study tries to examine the factors that have led to this alteration. The paper suggests that identity disagreements, security threats, and ideological rivalries are among the fundamental reasons for this aggressive policy.

Abstract Franz Kafka’s works can be considered as the epitome of interpretability in the modern fiction. Abandoning the search for the one and only correct meaning of Kafka’s stories makes it possible to gain access to the meanings beneath the surface. The attempt to understand his stories brings out possible interpretations and discovers elements on which the stories are based. One part of Kafka’s literary effort is certainly the processing of concrete events and circumstances of his life; therefore, this article tries to examine the autobiographical element of his stories. Although the biography of the author does not fully unlock the meaning of his texts, it facilitates their partial understanding and development of possible interpretations. As an example, reading Kafka’s novel, The Castle, alongside his autobiographical sources of information (letters and diaries), provides a new interpretation of the fragmented text.

Abstract During the reign of Peter the Great (1672-1725), Russia implemented an aggressive strategy against Iran, which reached its peak in the early years of 19th century. Since then Iran has entered into an uneven relationship with Russia. Focusing on Dalīl as-sufarāʼ, one of the first 19th-century Persian travelogues to Russia, this paper examines, on a sociological approach, the constructions of social and cultural foreignness through boundary-making practices. Exemplary text excerpts are used to illustrate what types of foreignness are created, and which strategies have been used either to maintain or adopt the experienced foreignness.