Spektrum Iran

Dual-spacization of intelligence: A theoretical retroduction of the socialization of artificial intelligence in meaning construction

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Manijeh Akhavan 1
Saied Reza Ameli 2
Maseud Rahgozar 3
Shahghasemi Shahghasemi 4

1 Ph.D. candidate in Media Management, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran

2 Prof. of Communications and Global Studies, Department of Communications, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Computer Science, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4 Associate Professor of Communication, Department of Communications, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/spektrum.2026.565209.1055
Abstract
Nearly five decades after Hubert Dreyfus underscored the importance of accounting for the social character of intelligence in the development of artificial intelligence, and notwithstanding artificial intelligence’s consolidation as an actant within the news media, practical implementations have progressed more rapidly than corresponding theoretical inquiry. Because the capacity for meaning-making within a social institution presupposes the socialization of a cognitive system, the socialization of artificial intelligence may be examined along a trajectory comparable to that of human natural intelligence. On this basis, the present article investigates the processes through which AI becomes socialized so as to assume a meaning-making role within a social institution such as the news media, addressing the central question: What constitutes socialized artificial intelligence? To this end, the study integrates the Dual-spacization of Intelligence with representation theory within a socio-organizational framework and adopts a retroductive theoretical approach to answering the research question. Within this analysis, social order is understood as an function of AI’s socialization process. The dual-spacization of the world consequently gives rise to a dual-spatial social order. The study’s findings suggest that AI may either be engineered to replicate existing forms of knowledge and entrenched social stereotypes in a manner analogous to human cognition, or be subject to social regulation that fosters an algorithmic rationality oriented toward the common good and the realization of a sustainable and just social order. Such an order depends on the opening of representational practices through reflexive engagement with social stereotypes, enabling transformations in representation and supporting increased diversity of identities. The contribution of this article lies in proposing an integrated model for understanding the mechanisms of AI socialization across meaning-producing social institutions. Furthermore, the model offers a comprehensive perspective on the socialization of both natural and artificial cognitive systems within the evolving structures of dual-spatial institutional social orders.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence
Dual-spacization of Intelligence Representation
Socialization
Social Order

Subjects

Ade-Ibijola, A., & Okonkwo, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in Africa: Emerging challenges. In D. O. Eke et al. (Eds.), Responsible AI in Africa. Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI (pp. 101–117). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_5

Ameli, S. R. (2003a). Two globalizations and the future of the world [In Persian]. Ketab-e Mah-e Oloume Ejtemai Journal,(69–70), 15–28.

Ameli, S. R. (2003b). Two globalizations and an international community of anxiety [In Persian]. Journal of Social Science, 21, 143–174.

Ameli, S. R. (2011). Globalization studies, dual spacitizations, & dual globalization [In Persian]. Tehran: The R&D Research Center of SAMT.

Ameli, S. R. (2017). Philosophy of virtual space [In Persian]. Amir Kabir Publishers.

Ameli, S. R. (2021). Artificial intelligence: Its nature, philosophy, and significance [In Persian]. Rahavard-e Noor, 20(77), 15–22.

Ameli, S. R. (2023, February 27). Dual-spacization of communications, artificial intelligence, and the emergence of new computational diplomacy. Paper presented at the Artificial Intelligence and New Diplomacies Conference, Iranian World Studies Association and University of Tehran.

Ameli, S. R. (2025). Strategic studies of Islamic Republic of Iran's cyberspace [In Persian]. Amir Kabir Publishers.

Ameli, S. R., & Merali, A. (2004). British Muslims’ expectations of the government: Dual citizenship—British, Islamic or both; obligation, recognition, respect, and belonging. Islamic Human Rights Commission.

Ameli, S. R., Nazemi, S., & Sabbār, S. (2024). Dual-spacization and the representation of national identity on Instagram [In Persian]. Journal of Iranian Cultural Research, 17(4), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.22035/jicr.2024.3367.3632

Anderson, C. W. (2013). Rebuilding the news: Metropolitan journalism in the digital age. Temple University Press.

Babić, K., et al. (2020). Survey of neural text representation models. Information, 11(11), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110511

Beckett, C., & Yaseen, M. (2023). Generating change: A global survey of what news organisations are doing with AI. The London School of Economics and Political Science.

Belair-Gagnon, V. (2019). Sociology of news work. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books.

Bhaskar, R. (1998). General introduction. In M. S. Archer et al. (Eds.), Critical realism: Essential readings (pp. ix–xxiv). Routledge.

Boczkowski, P. (2005). Digitizing the news: Innovation in online newspapers. The MIT Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1998). On television and journalism. Pluto Press.

Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33(4), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2573002

Burgin, M. (2007). Languages, algorithms, procedures, calculi, and metalogic. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0701121

Bygstad, B., & Munkvold, B. E. (2011). In search of mechanisms: Conducting a critical realist data analysis. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Conference on Information Systems, Shanghai.

Bytiak, Y. P., Danilyan, O. G., Dzeban, A. P., Kalinovsky, Y. Y., & Chalapko, V. V. (2020). Information society: the interaction of tradition and innovation in communicative processes. Amazonia investiga, 9(27), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.27.03.23

Collins, H. (1998). Socialness and the undersocialised conception of society. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 23(4), 494–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243998023004

Collins, H. (2025). Why artificial intelligence needs sociology of knowledge: Parts I and II. AI & Society, 40, 1249–1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01954-8

Couldry, N. (2021). The social construction of reality—really! In D. Herbert & S. Fisher-Høyrem (Eds.), Social media and social order (pp. 10–16). De Gruyter.

Cox, J. B. (2022). Black Lives Matter to media (finally): A content analysis of news coverage during summer 2020. Newspaper Research Journal, 43(2), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/07395329221092719

Danks, D. (2014). Learning. In K. Frankish & W. M. Ramsey (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence (pp. 151–167). Cambridge University Press.

Denning, P., & Rousse, B. (2024). Can machines be in language? Communications of the ACM, 67(3), 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3637629

Dodds, T., et al. (2025). On controlled change: Generative AI's impact on professional authority in journalism. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19792
Ferrucci, P., et al. (2022). The institutions changing journalism: Barbarians inside the gate. Routledge.

Fin, E. (2017). What algorithms want: Imagination in the age of computing. The MIT Press.

Gans, H. (1979). Deciding what’s news. Pantheon Books.

Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie et al. (Eds.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167–193). MIT Press.

Goffey, A. (2008). Algorithm. In M. Fuller (Ed.), Software studies: A lexicon (pp. 15–20). MIT Press.

Gravengaard, G., & Rimestad, L. (2014). Socializing journalist trainees in the newsroom: On how to capture the intangible parts of the process. Nordicom Review, 35(Special Issue), 81–95. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/37339

Griffin, E. M. (2012). A first look at communication theory (8th ed.). McGraw Hill.

Groves, J., & Brown, C. (2015). Transforming newsrooms: Connecting organizational culture, strategy, and innovation. Routledge.

 

Hall, S. (1992). The West and the rest: Discourse and power. In Essential essays (Vol. 2, pp. 185–224). Duke University Press.

Hall, S. (1997). Representation & the media. Media Education Foundation.

Hall, S. (2003). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 13–74). SAGE.

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2012). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.

Halpin, H. (2025). Artificial intelligence versus collective intelligence. AI & Society, 40, 4589–4604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02240-x

Hechter, M., & Horne, C. (2009). Theories of social order (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press.

Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). A propaganda model. https://chomsky.info/consent01/

Hohenstein, J., Kizilcec, R. F., DiFranzo, D., Aghajari, Z., Mieczkowski, H., Levy, K., ... & Jung, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships. Scientific reports, 13(1), 5487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30938-9

Hosseini, S. H., & Sakhaei, S. (2025). Educating intelligence, producing power: Iranian sociologists on AI, knowledge production, and global hierarchies. Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 9(4), 887-921.

Hughes, H. M. (1940). News and the human interest story. The University of Chicago Press.

Huh, M., Cheung, B., Wang, T., & Isola, P. (2024). The Platonic Representation Hypothesis. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (Vol. 235, pp. 20617–20642). PMLR. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.07987

IBM. (n.d.). What is AI agent perception. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ai-agent-perception

Janhonen, J. (2025). Socialisation approach to AI value acquisition: Enabling flexible ethical navigation with built-in receptiveness to social influence. AI Ethics, 5, 527–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00372-8

Keikha, A. A., & Rahgozar, M. (2018). Link prediction on social networks based on deep learning. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Research (ICWR).

Kubin, E., & Von Sikorski, C. (2021). The role of (social) media in political polarization: a systematic review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 45(3), 188-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1976070

Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100103

Lewis, S. C., & Westlund, O. (2015). Actors, actants, audiences, and activities in cross-media news work: A matrix and a research agenda. Digital Journalism, 3(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.927986

Mackenroth, K. S. (2025). Ethics, morals and the professional. Professional Landmen's Association of New Orleans.

Magee, B. (2019). The story of philosophy (H. Kamshad, Trans.) [In Persian]. Tehran: Nashreney.

Mohseni Ahooei, E. (2024). The datafied society: Challenges and strategies in big data research for social sciences and humanities. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 8(2), 177–207. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2024.378294.1106

Nothias, T. (2020). Representation and journalism. In J. F. Nussbaum & M. Powers (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication. Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-868

Nourbakhsh, Y., & nemati, S. F. (2020). Educational Impacts and Outcomes of Cyberspace in the Realization of New Islamic Civilization. Scientific Journal Of New Islamic Civilization Fundamental Studies(Bi-quarterly), 3(2), (Serial 6), 12-376. DOI:10.22070/NIC.2021.14018.1079

Oliveira, N., Li, J., Khalvati, K., Barragan, R. C., Reinecke, K., Meltzoff, A. N., … Rao, R. P. N. (2025). Culturally-attuned AI: Implicit learning of altruistic cultural values through inverse reinforcement learning. PLOS ONE, 20(12), Article e0337914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337914

Revers, M. (2017). Contemporary journalism in the US and Germany. Palgrave Macmillan US.

Rohlinger, D. A. (2022). Society and new media (M. Pourrajabi & H. R. Bijani, Trans.) [In Persian]. Tehran: Naqd-i Farhang.

Russell, S. (2019). Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Viking.

Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed., Global edition). Pearson.

Rydgren, J. (2008). Conformity. In W. A. Darity (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (pp. 71–73). Macmillan.

Sabbar, S. and Matheson, D. (2019). Mass Media vs. the Mass of Media: A Study on the Human Nodes in a Social Network and their Chosen Messages. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 3(1), 23-42. doi: 10.22059/jcss.2019.271467.1031

Salehi, K., Habib Zadeh Khiyaban, S., Sabbar S. (2026). Artificial Intelligence and Crime Detection: A Critical Review. Cyberspace Studies. 10(1): 181-197. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2025.402206.1179

Schatzki, T. R. (2025). The Changing Forms of Social Phenomena Today. Philosophy & Technology, 38(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00853-0

Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press.

Shahghasemi, E., Gholami, F., & Alikhani, Z. (2025). Global patterns of social media use and political sentiment. Discover Global Society, 3(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00171-y

Shahghasemi, E. (2025). ‘Woke’ in translation: Persian perspectives on Platform X. Discover Global Society, 3(104). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00253-x

Shahghasemi, E. (2025). AI: A human future. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 9(1), 145–173. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2025.389027.1123

Shokrkhah, Y. (2018). Cyber journalism: Newsroom versus traditional journalism [In Persian]. Tehran: Sanieh Press.

Silver, D., & Clark, T. N. (2008). Social theory. In W. A. Darity Jr. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (2nd ed.). Course Technology Cengage Learning.

Singer, J. B. (2004). More than ink-stained wretches: The resocialization of print journalists in converged newsrooms. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 838–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100408

Sissons, H., & Smith, P. (2026). The “socially networked” newsroom: Journalists and their discourses of digital communication. Bloomsbury Academic.

Sokol, K., & Flach, P. (2024). Interpretable representations in explainable AI: From theory to practice. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 38, 3102–3140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-024-01010-5

Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2014). Reinforcement learning: An introduction (1st ed.). MIT Press.

Sylvie, G. (2018). Reshaping the news, community, engagement, and editors. Peter Lang.

Talebi Tadi, M., & Rastegar Khaled, A. (2025). A comparative study of the theory of social understanding of the text and discourse analysis theories. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 17(3), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2025.5261.5002

Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press.

Tortoise. (2024). The global AI index. https://www.tortoisemedia.com/data/global-ai#data

Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. The University of Michigan Press.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

Weber, M. (1976). Towards a sociology of the press. Journal of Communication, 26(3), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01910.x

White, D. M. (1950). The “gate keeper”: A case study in the selection of news. Journalism Quarterly, 27(4), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769905002700403

Yadav, A. (2024). How does embedding layer work? Medium. https://medium.com/biased-algorithms/how-does-embedding-layer-work-eafb1c721302

Yıldız, D., & Nur, Z. (2024). Transformation of social interaction in the digital age: Impact, challenges, and prospects of technology in social relationships. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 3(3), 49-54. https://inti.ejournalmeta.com/index.php/inti/article/view/95

 

Ade-Ibijola, A., & Okonkwo, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in Africa: Emerging challenges. In D. O. Eke et al. (Eds.), Responsible AI in Africa. Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI (pp. 101–117). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_5
Ameli, S. R. (2003a). Two globalizations and the future of the world [In Persian]. Ketab-e Mah-e Oloume Ejtemai Journal,(69–70), 15–28.
Ameli, S. R. (2003b). Two globalizations and an international community of anxiety [In Persian]. Journal of Social Science, 21, 143–174.
Ameli, S. R. (2011). Globalization studies, dual spacitizations, & dual globalization [In Persian]. Tehran: The R&D Research Center of SAMT.
Ameli, S. R. (2017). Philosophy of virtual space [In Persian]. Amir Kabir Publishers.
Ameli, S. R. (2021). Artificial intelligence: Its nature, philosophy, and significance [In Persian]. Rahavard-e Noor, 20(77), 15–22.
Ameli, S. R. (2023, February 27). Dual-spacization of communications, artificial intelligence, and the emergence of new computational diplomacy. Paper presented at the Artificial Intelligence and New Diplomacies Conference, Iranian World Studies Association and University of Tehran.
Ameli, S. R. (2025). Strategic studies of Islamic Republic of Iran's cyberspace [In Persian]. Amir Kabir Publishers.
Ameli, S. R., & Merali, A. (2004). British Muslims’ expectations of the government: Dual citizenship—British, Islamic or both; obligation, recognition, respect, and belonging. Islamic Human Rights Commission.
Ameli, S. R., Nazemi, S., & Sabbār, S. (2024). Dual-spacization and the representation of national identity on Instagram [In Persian]. Journal of Iranian Cultural Research, 17(4), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.22035/jicr.2024.3367.3632
Anderson, C. W. (2013). Rebuilding the news: Metropolitan journalism in the digital age. Temple University Press.
Babić, K., et al. (2020). Survey of neural text representation models. Information, 11(11), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110511
Beckett, C., & Yaseen, M. (2023). Generating change: A global survey of what news organisations are doing with AI. The London School of Economics and Political Science.
Belair-Gagnon, V. (2019). Sociology of news work. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books.
Bhaskar, R. (1998). General introduction. In M. S. Archer et al. (Eds.), Critical realism: Essential readings (pp. ix–xxiv). Routledge.
Boczkowski, P. (2005). Digitizing the news: Innovation in online newspapers. The MIT Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1998). On television and journalism. Pluto Press.
Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33(4), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2573002
Burgin, M. (2007). Languages, algorithms, procedures, calculi, and metalogic. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0701121
Bygstad, B., & Munkvold, B. E. (2011). In search of mechanisms: Conducting a critical realist data analysis. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Conference on Information Systems, Shanghai.
Bytiak, Y. P., Danilyan, O. G., Dzeban, A. P., Kalinovsky, Y. Y., & Chalapko, V. V. (2020). Information society: the interaction of tradition and innovation in communicative processes. Amazonia investiga, 9(27), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.27.03.23
Collins, H. (1998). Socialness and the undersocialised conception of society. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 23(4), 494–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243998023004
Collins, H. (2025). Why artificial intelligence needs sociology of knowledge: Parts I and II. AI & Society, 40, 1249–1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01954-8
Couldry, N. (2021). The social construction of reality—really! In D. Herbert & S. Fisher-Høyrem (Eds.), Social media and social order (pp. 10–16). De Gruyter.
Cox, J. B. (2022). Black Lives Matter to media (finally): A content analysis of news coverage during summer 2020. Newspaper Research Journal, 43(2), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/07395329221092719
Danks, D. (2014). Learning. In K. Frankish & W. M. Ramsey (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence (pp. 151–167). Cambridge University Press.
Denning, P., & Rousse, B. (2024). Can machines be in language? Communications of the ACM, 67(3), 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3637629
Dodds, T., et al. (2025). On controlled change: Generative AI's impact on professional authority in journalism. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19792
Ferrucci, P., et al. (2022). The institutions changing journalism: Barbarians inside the gate. Routledge.
Fin, E. (2017). What algorithms want: Imagination in the age of computing. The MIT Press.
Gans, H. (1979). Deciding what’s news. Pantheon Books.
Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie et al. (Eds.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167–193). MIT Press.
Goffey, A. (2008). Algorithm. In M. Fuller (Ed.), Software studies: A lexicon (pp. 15–20). MIT Press.
Gravengaard, G., & Rimestad, L. (2014). Socializing journalist trainees in the newsroom: On how to capture the intangible parts of the process. Nordicom Review, 35(Special Issue), 81–95. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/37339
Griffin, E. M. (2012). A first look at communication theory (8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Groves, J., & Brown, C. (2015). Transforming newsrooms: Connecting organizational culture, strategy, and innovation. Routledge.
 
Hall, S. (1992). The West and the rest: Discourse and power. In Essential essays (Vol. 2, pp. 185–224). Duke University Press.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation & the media. Media Education Foundation.
Hall, S. (2003). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 13–74). SAGE.
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2012). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
Halpin, H. (2025). Artificial intelligence versus collective intelligence. AI & Society, 40, 4589–4604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02240-x
Hechter, M., & Horne, C. (2009). Theories of social order (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press.
Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). A propaganda model. https://chomsky.info/consent01/
Hohenstein, J., Kizilcec, R. F., DiFranzo, D., Aghajari, Z., Mieczkowski, H., Levy, K., ... & Jung, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships. Scientific reports, 13(1), 5487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30938-9
Hosseini, S. H., & Sakhaei, S. (2025). Educating intelligence, producing power: Iranian sociologists on AI, knowledge production, and global hierarchies. Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 9(4), 887-921.
Hughes, H. M. (1940). News and the human interest story. The University of Chicago Press.
Huh, M., Cheung, B., Wang, T., & Isola, P. (2024). The Platonic Representation Hypothesis. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (Vol. 235, pp. 20617–20642). PMLR. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.07987
IBM. (n.d.). What is AI agent perception. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ai-agent-perception
Janhonen, J. (2025). Socialisation approach to AI value acquisition: Enabling flexible ethical navigation with built-in receptiveness to social influence. AI Ethics, 5, 527–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00372-8
Keikha, A. A., & Rahgozar, M. (2018). Link prediction on social networks based on deep learning. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Research (ICWR).
Kubin, E., & Von Sikorski, C. (2021). The role of (social) media in political polarization: a systematic review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 45(3), 188-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1976070
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100103
Lewis, S. C., & Westlund, O. (2015). Actors, actants, audiences, and activities in cross-media news work: A matrix and a research agenda. Digital Journalism, 3(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.927986
Mackenroth, K. S. (2025). Ethics, morals and the professional. Professional Landmen's Association of New Orleans.
Magee, B. (2019). The story of philosophy (H. Kamshad, Trans.) [In Persian]. Tehran: Nashreney.
Mohseni Ahooei, E. (2024). The datafied society: Challenges and strategies in big data research for social sciences and humanities. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 8(2), 177–207. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2024.378294.1106
Nothias, T. (2020). Representation and journalism. In J. F. Nussbaum & M. Powers (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication. Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-868
Nourbakhsh, Y., & nemati, S. F. (2020). Educational Impacts and Outcomes of Cyberspace in the Realization of New Islamic Civilization. Scientific Journal Of New Islamic Civilization Fundamental Studies(Bi-quarterly), 3(2), (Serial 6), 12-376. DOI:10.22070/NIC.2021.14018.1079
Oliveira, N., Li, J., Khalvati, K., Barragan, R. C., Reinecke, K., Meltzoff, A. N., … Rao, R. P. N. (2025). Culturally-attuned AI: Implicit learning of altruistic cultural values through inverse reinforcement learning. PLOS ONE, 20(12), Article e0337914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337914
Revers, M. (2017). Contemporary journalism in the US and Germany. Palgrave Macmillan US.
Rohlinger, D. A. (2022). Society and new media (M. Pourrajabi & H. R. Bijani, Trans.) [In Persian]. Tehran: Naqd-i Farhang.
Russell, S. (2019). Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Viking.
Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed., Global edition). Pearson.
Rydgren, J. (2008). Conformity. In W. A. Darity (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (pp. 71–73). Macmillan.
Sabbar, S. and Matheson, D. (2019). Mass Media vs. the Mass of Media: A Study on the Human Nodes in a Social Network and their Chosen Messages. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 3(1), 23-42. doi: 10.22059/jcss.2019.271467.1031
Salehi, K., Habib Zadeh Khiyaban, S., Sabbar S. (2026). Artificial Intelligence and Crime Detection: A Critical Review. Cyberspace Studies. 10(1): 181-197. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2025.402206.1179
Schatzki, T. R. (2025). The Changing Forms of Social Phenomena Today. Philosophy & Technology, 38(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00853-0
Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press.
Shahghasemi, E., Gholami, F., & Alikhani, Z. (2025). Global patterns of social media use and political sentiment. Discover Global Society, 3(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00171-y
Shahghasemi, E. (2025). ‘Woke’ in translation: Persian perspectives on Platform X. Discover Global Society, 3(104). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00253-x
Shahghasemi, E. (2025). AI: A human future. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 9(1), 145–173. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2025.389027.1123
Shokrkhah, Y. (2018). Cyber journalism: Newsroom versus traditional journalism [In Persian]. Tehran: Sanieh Press.
Silver, D., & Clark, T. N. (2008). Social theory. In W. A. Darity Jr. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (2nd ed.). Course Technology Cengage Learning.
Singer, J. B. (2004). More than ink-stained wretches: The resocialization of print journalists in converged newsrooms. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 838–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100408
Sissons, H., & Smith, P. (2026). The “socially networked” newsroom: Journalists and their discourses of digital communication. Bloomsbury Academic.
Sokol, K., & Flach, P. (2024). Interpretable representations in explainable AI: From theory to practice. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 38, 3102–3140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-024-01010-5
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2014). Reinforcement learning: An introduction (1st ed.). MIT Press.
Sylvie, G. (2018). Reshaping the news, community, engagement, and editors. Peter Lang.
Talebi Tadi, M., & Rastegar Khaled, A. (2025). A comparative study of the theory of social understanding of the text and discourse analysis theories. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 17(3), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2025.5261.5002
Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press.
Tortoise. (2024). The global AI index. https://www.tortoisemedia.com/data/global-ai#data
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. The University of Michigan Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Weber, M. (1976). Towards a sociology of the press. Journal of Communication, 26(3), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01910.x
White, D. M. (1950). The “gate keeper”: A case study in the selection of news. Journalism Quarterly, 27(4), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769905002700403
Yadav, A. (2024). How does embedding layer work? Medium. https://medium.com/biased-algorithms/how-does-embedding-layer-work-eafb1c721302
Yıldız, D., & Nur, Z. (2024). Transformation of social interaction in the digital age: Impact, challenges, and prospects of technology in social relationships. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 3(3), 49-54. https://inti.ejournalmeta.com/index.php/inti/article/view/95
 
Spektrum Iran

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 23 February 2026

Editorial Board

Submit Manuscript

Indexing and Abstracting

Contact Us