Spektrum Iran

Abstract The writer has focused on the past and thr future of the intercultural stance in Islamic philosophy. One of the important points in this paper is the expression of the differences between Islamic philosophy and its Greek teachers. The writer, by relying on the importance and influence of history, draws attention to the fact that the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle were tied to the Greek Paideia and this way they could present exceptional plans for the Athenian city state. According to this point, the writer focused on the hidden possibilities of the history of Islamic thought. 
Greek metaphysics has been accepted outside Europe in the Islamic, Iranian world and had led to a philosophy that, though being tied to its Greek founders, has brought about specific innovations. 
This has led to influential accomplishments in connection to the Islamic and Iranian tradition and in this paper we try to give an analytical report of these interactions to find the connecting points it has with world philosophy. 
 
 

Abstract One of the most recent contributions to literary criticism is the establishment of the subgenre of women's literature and women's criticism, which in the last two or three decades has come to dominate a sizable portion of the field of literary and critical studies. One of the most crucial concerns in this method has been the effort to identify women's writing and the investigation of the contrasts and similarities that emerge between these two categories. In this respect, Elaine Showalter's idea is all-encompassing. The theory of critical feminism or the women's writing tradition is the best and most comprehensive effort to understand women's writing accurately and efficiently. Three steps and four factors that he spoke about in his hypothesis have been verified using this factor, he said. This article uses Showalter's four factors—life-cognitive, cultural, psychoanalytical, and linguistic—to analyze the dominant style of writing in Nasim Marashi's well-known work “Autumn, the last season of the year.” The study's overarching goal is to pin down Marashi's distinct literary voice as a woman and the uncovering of her rich literary heritage. Findings from this study indicate that Marashi's novel's narration owes its distinctive tone and style to the novel's context, structure, and coordinates. Guys stand out in a crowd. The explorer is slow and feminine in her approach; she is also partial. As the story's narrator, she is a perceptive and feeling lady with difficulties and concerns of her own.

Abstract This paper introduces various German translations of Parvin Etesami’s Poems from Persian into German. Some examples of these translations according to Koller’s Formal Aesthetic Equivalence are given and reviewed.
Also the analogy of interlingual comparison or “simple comparison” that is the comparison of the original text with its translation in the target language according to Reiss’ theory will be analysed moreover, intralingual comparison or in other words “multi-comparison” in which various translations of a certain text are being compared will be discussed.

Abstract Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche can be considered the most important, or at least the most popular, philosopher among Iranians. He is an attractive and popular figure not only among those interested in philosophy, literature and humanities, but also among common people. All his books have been translated into Persian and some of them have been translated into Persian several times. Iranian narratives of Nietzsche's thought also have a surprising diversity. On one side of these narratives, Nietzsche is seen as an Iranian mystic, orientalist and anti-Western, and on the other side, a completely different person is seen: A Nietzsche who is an anti-moral philosopher/poet, bellicose and atheist, as if he deliberately wanted to fight with everything that is good, righteous and respectable to man. In this article, the history of Iranian acquaintance with Nietzsche and the diverse narratives that have been formed about him in Iran are introduced.In addition, some of the most important reasons for Nietzsche's attractiveness to Iranians, and the reasons
for the existence of such diverse narratives are also examined.

Abstract The use of distance learning is several hundred years old. The use of this method started with the most basic means of correspondence and gradually expanded with the use of audio and visual means. Along with the online technical revolution in the world in the 21st century, a paradigm shift was created in the way of education. Online education and the use of technological tools in the field of education gradually spread. But the sudden outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic made schools all over the world face the challenge of not being able to hold face-to-face classes. Therefore, since 2020, the process of using online education and progress in the education technology market has gained a very high speed. The rapid and widespread development of online education, especially in developing countries, faced
many challenges, which included things such as the creation and development of infrastructure, culture and teaching actors in the field of education on how to use new technologies. But dealing with the mentioned challenges and the rapid development of online education tools is not the only thing that occupied the educational institutions of the world. Since the application of technology in the field of education, many thinkers have criticized the limitations of this type of education. These philosophical criticisms have many roots that include the principles of education and training based on Socratic dialogue, pragmatist philosophers' practice and empiricism, existentialist thinkers' spontaneity, and Heidegger's
phenomenological view of technology. In this article, while expressing the infrastructural and philosophical challenges of the development of educational technology in Iran, we have discussed the role of knowledgebased companies in dealing with these challenges, and as a case study, we have examined the performance of a knowledge-based company in the form of a startup called “Hamdars” for criticism and adjustment of philosophical challenges of online education.

Abstract Women's hiddenness has a long history in the Islamic world and the orient.
Women have been clothed and hidden and in terms of social distancing, somehow kept at home and away from society. Although it was not always like this, and there are some women who are Muslims but don't observe the hijab. In this research we adopted a sociological and semiotic approach towards hijab and its significance in different eras according to religious criteria. The method of research is a descriptive-analytical one.
We have looked at different documents to gather data, as well as journals and websites devoted to this issue. First, we have a theoretical discussion about clothing and creation of meaning and clothing as a social act. Then we looked at hijab and its symbolic development. Has the social interpretation of hijab led to different reactions across different social and cultural contexts? The research shows that Islamic societies have sometimes gone astray from what the Quran teaches about the hiddenness of women and taken on new conceptions. But has this led to a reinforcement of patriarchy?

Abstract A general overview of his romantic research on myths is presented. Then in detail his work on the translation of Firdowsi’s Shanama is being analyzed.
Finally, the structure of his translation is being presented in a synopsis of all the 36 translated chapters of the epos. At the end reference is given by the important orientalist Hans Heinrich Schaeder in praise of Firdowsi poetry on the occation of the Firdowsi millennium celebration which took place 1934 in Germany.

Abstract This article is of course not about practicing and spreading patriotic language ideology in the name of etymology, but rather about problematizing such a language ideology alongside linguistic discrimination as a variety of the Eurocentric, Islamophobic ideology in the school context of the multiculturalmultilingual state of Berlin. The school context here only refers to the pedagogically and foreign language linguistically questionable language attitudes and practices of some teachers and educators and not the official language and multilingualism policy of the state government or Senate Department for Education, Youth and Family as a whole. In other words, this text, which essentially consists of a criteria-based selection of 60 English and German loanwords of Persian origin, wants to invite German-speaking readers and especially the educators among them while using the everyday, expanded and standard vocabulary to look at their own language and the English language as a global lingua franca through a different, more relative
lens, namely as languages with more lexical influence from oriental languages of the old neighboring region of Europe, the Islamic world, than previously assumed.

Abstract With the beginning of the industrial revolution in England, this country became the first industrial power in the world and industrialization became the most important concern of governments. Following England, America and Europe also started their actions in the direction of industrialization and soon achieved their success and power. At the same time, Iran, under the country with this position, industrialization without the support of a powerful ally seemed impossible. The available historical evidence and agreements show that Iran has chosen Austria and the Prussian Empire to achieve its goals. Following the treaty of loyalty and friendship with the Germans, industrial actions began with the help of German and Austrian specialist human forces. Germans specialists entered Iran and industrial companies started operating. Beside them, Iranian workers could use this precious opportunity to learn and improve their expertise. The most outstanding example of this benefit was “Iran and Germany School” which educated students in the field of technical sciences and with German teachers in the heart of Tehran. The Iranian-German school with the current name of “Tehran technical school” left a long lasting and precious legacy from Germany to Iranians.

Abstract When readers examine Neopragmatic philosopher Richard Rorty's theories of Solidarity, Romantic tolerance, and the Redescription method to help people, they are unconsciously shocked by the possibility of his thinking about "salvation" while he was secular. Of course, considering the events of September 11th and Western secularists' loss of social hope, it can be logical that he reversed to theology, but he never ultimately gave up his beliefs about being secular. Regarding the nearness that his philosophical theories have, albeit at an inferior level, to the lofty beliefs of the Iranian mystic Mowlana Jalaluddin Mowlavi, the question arises for the readers whether Richard Rorty is secular or his problem is with the new and distorted reading of religion and Christianity. Yet, considering his theories about the justified behavior of Ironist citizens in his utopia, whose moral qualities are equal to question arises: Rorty really remained secular until the end. Ultimately, this article aims to reach an appropriate answer to this subject by comparing their writings, morals, similarities, and possible differences.

Abstract This report is related to the two lectures that were held in Allameh Tabataba’i University this year (2023) on the occasion of the commemoration of Faramarz Behzad, an eminent Iranian linguist and Iranologist.
The speakers, i.e., Mrs. Narjes Khodayi and Mr. Mahmoud Haddadi are both faculty members of Shahid Beheshti University.
This report was prepared with the efforts of Ms. Lina Shahraki, a student of German language and literature at Allameh Tabataba’i University, and Dr. Torkaman, faculty member of the same university. Furthermore, the translation of this report from Persian to German, in addition to the efforts of the aforementioned colleagues, is indebted to Dr. Masoud Pourahmadali Tochahi (faculty member of Allameh Tabataba’i University) and Ms. Kristina Prechtel (Lecturer of Allameh Tabataba’i University).